Podcasts by Anne Hart on Internet Archive
Interpreting Your DNA-Driven Genealogy Reports
|
|
|
Call 00-1-402-323-7800
Open your online DNA-driven genealogy reporting service business. The laboratory you contract with does testing and sends you reports that you interpret for your clients.
As a DNA-driven genealogist, you would prepare illustrated and text-driven reports, colorful CDs, brochures, press kits, covers, Web sites, and guides to interpreting the DNA-for-ancestry-based information. You would interpret tests for deep ancestry to your clients.
What verbal skills and any other preparation would you need to empower consumers with knowledge from reports you receive from your partnering DNA-testing laboratory? Would you also interpret reports from genetics counselors testing for predisposition to diseases? Or emphasize only deep ancestry?
Would you need a self-taught science background, a genealogy hobby, or only marketing and communications experience? Who does the actual interpreting? How would you contract with DNA laboratories to send reports and other information related to ancestry?
You may be a genealogist, a personal historian, or a life story videographer thinking of partnering with a DNA-testing laboratory. Your business would be to make complex information easy to understand and interpret in plain language DNA reports from scientists to genealogy clients and surname groups. The DNA tests could be for ancestry and/or nutritional genomics issues.
http://www.iuniverse.com/bookstore/book_detail.asp?&isbn=0-595-44278-1
 |
 |
|
Interpreting Your DNA Test Results for Ancestry: What Markers and How Many Markers Do You Ask to be Tested? How Do You Apply DNA Test Results to Genealogy?
|
|
|
How to Interpret Family History & Ancestry DNA Test Results for Beginners
By: Anne Hart, M.A.
Table of Contents
Chapter One: How to Interpret Your DNA Test Results for Ancestry or Family History
Chapter Two: Tracing the Female and Male Lineages:
Chapter Three: Men and Women Have Different Genetic Histories
Chapter Four: How to Safely Tailor Your Foods, Medicines, and Cosmetics to Your Genes
Chapter Five: Personalized Medicine from DNA Testing Companies
Chapter Six: Scientists and Physicians Comment on Pharmacogenetics
Chapter Seven: Where would consumers (with no science background) begin to search and learn about pharmacogenetics?
Chapter Eight: DNA Testing for Nutritional Genomics and Ancestry
Chapter Nine: Menopause and Beyond Alternative Resources and Information Online
Chapter Ten: How are you managing your gene expression?
Chapter Eleven: Consumers Need to Be Involved in Quality Control
Chapter Twelve: Intelligent Nutrition or Smart Foods? Who Makes The Rules in Nutritional Genomics?
Chapter Thirteen: What Products Are Available Now for the Consumer?
Chapter Fourteen: DNA Testing DNA for Ancestry
Chapter Fifteen: Personalized Medicine from DNA Testing Companies
Chapter Sixteen: Effects
Chapter Seventeen: How Do Your Genes Respond?
Chapter Eighteen: Consumer Surveillance
Chapter Nineteen: Applied Research
Chapter Twenty: Your DNA Matches
Chapter Twenty-One: What’s The Oldest HomoSapien mtDNA in Europe?
Chapter Twenty-Two: From Whom Do You Descend?
Chapter Twenty-Three: Merging a Mosaic of Jewish Communities by DNA
Chapter Twenty-Four: How Do You Use DNA Testing To Interpret Family History Records?
Chapter Twenty-Five: Molecular Genealogy Revolution
Chapter Twenty-Six: Personalizing Ethnic Family History Records with DNA Testing
Chapter Twenty-Seven: The Phenomics Revolution: My Positive Experiences with DNA Testing
Chapter Twenty-Eight: Finding Female Ancestors by Searching for Maiden Names
Chapter Twenty-Nine: The DNA Testing Companies of Interest to Family Historians
Chapter Thirty: What is DNA?
Chapter Thirty-One: Human Genome Project
Chapter Thirty-Two: What We’ve Learned So Far
Chapter Thirty-Three: After the Human Genome Project (HGP), the Next Steps
Chapter Thirty-Four: Interviewing for Personal Histories
Chapter Thirty-Five: Oral History
Chapter Thirty-Six: Diaries Plus DNA Equal Time Capsules
Chapter Thirty-Seven: Mapping Your Personal Anthropology with Genetic Genealogy
Chapter Thirty-Eight: Beginner’s Guide to Managing a Genetic Genealogy Project
Chapter Thirty-Nine: Haplogroups and Markers
Chapter Forty: Cancer Genetics Network (CGN)
Chapter Forty-One: How to Open Your Own DNA Test Results or Molecular Genealogy Reporting Company
Appendix A ......................................................................................
Appendix B: ......................................................................................
Appendix C: ......................................................................................
Appendix D: ......................................................................................
Appendix E :…………………………………………………………
Appendix F: ………………………………………………………….
Appendix G: ………………………………………………………….
Index ....................................................................................................
Interpreting Family History & Ancestry DNA Test Results for Beginners
Chapter One
How to Interpret Your DNA Test Results for Ancestry or Family History in Plain Language
How many DNA testing companies will show you how to interpret DNA test results for family history or direct you to instructional materials after you have had your DNA tested? Choose a company based on previous customer satisfaction, number of markers tested, and whether the company gives you choices of how many markers you want, various ethnic and geographic databases, and surname projects based on DNA-driven genealogy.
Before you select a company to test your DNA, find out how many genetic markers will be tested. For the maternal line, 400 base pairs of sequences are the minimum. For the paternal line (men only) 37 markers are great, but 25 markers also should be useful.
Some companies offer a 12-marker test for surname genealogy groups at a special price. When you order a home testing kit, you’ll get mouthwash or a felt tip to rub inside your cheek and mail back. Find out how long the turnaround time is for waiting to receive your results. What is the reputation of the company?
Do they have a contract with a university lab or a private lab? Who does the testing and who is the chief geneticist at their laboratory? What research articles, if any, has that scientist written or what research studies on DNA have been performed by the person in charge of the DNA testing at the laboratory? Who owns the DNA business that contracts with the lab, and how involved in genealogy-related DNA projects and databases or services is the owner?
Will the company keep in touch with you and let you know by email each time you have a DNA match? What happens to your DNA after you test it? Is it destroyed? What projects are available for you to participate in using your DNA donation or that of relatives related to ancestry, genealogy, or family history? How much will testing cost? What other projects can you donate your DNA to offering free testing for what uses?
After your DNA sample is sent to the return address, the DNA will be sent to a university or private laboratory to be tested. A report showing your sequences of the portion of DNA tested for ancestry only will come back in about six to eight weeks. The DNA-testing company will send you the report with your sequences. Now, it’s up to you to find out what the sequences mean in terms of ancestry.
When you order a DNA test, you get a code number or kit number so your name remains private. Some companies let you sign a release form to allow others to contact you or you contact them by email each time you find a match with someone who shares your exact mtDNA (maternal) or Y-chromosome (paternal) genetic markers for ancestry. The DNA tested for ancestry shows only ancestry, not any risk or disease. Women have their mtDNA tested as they don’t carry a Y-chromosome. Men may have their mtDNA (maternal line) or their Y-chromosome (paternal line) tested.
According to AncestryByDNA, “We’ve all originated from a common ancestor that lived some 200,000 years ago. The only way to know where you came from is by reading your genetic code.” What might intrigue some is taking a racial percentages test to see what percentages of which ‘races’ live in your very ancient or recent past.
What Will Be On The DNA Report?
You’ll find your sequences on the printout that you get back from your DNA testing company, but how do you interpret your sequences for ancestry? If you want more information on interpreting sequences than you find in this article, you can start with the free online message boards on DNA genealogy such as Genealogy-DNA Rootsweb.com at: GENEALOGY-DNA-D-request@rootsweb.com. You can watch my instructional videos on interpreting your DNA test results for family history and ancestry or on how to write salable life stories on Google Video.
Before you take a DNA test, enjoy these videos and look at my book or browse excerpts on Creative Genealogy Projects: Writing Salable Life Stories. Bring together DNA-driven genealogy reports with personal history for your time capsule.
Your biggest question could be, “What do you do with your DNA sequences in the field of genealogy?” You look at the ethnic databases online or find long lost relatives and email them. Then you put the DNA-for-ancestry report with the interpretations along with any genealogy information and keepsakes in your time capsule as part of social history.
You can send your DNA to a world wide database collecting the world’s DNA. One such database is the Molecular Genealogy Project at the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation: The Web site is at: http://www.smgf.org/. It’s a “nonprofit organization founded to build a publicly accessible genealogical database.” You can contribute your DNA to their database free, but you need to have a known genealogy going back at least four generations.
Your Maternal Lineage—Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Ancestry
Since women only can be tested for mitochondrial DNA which shows only the female lineages that originated thousands of years, ago, find out how many base pairs of mtDNA will be tested. Usually the minimum is 400 base pairs of mtDNA.
If your mtDNA covers a wide area, it usually signifies that the DNA sequences are very ancient and had thousands of years to spread wide distances geographically. If your mtDNA sequences are found in a very narrow area, your mtDNA may have arisen relatively more recently.
It’s the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that is tested to find out your maternal line. The mtDNA is passed from mother to daughter starting with one female ancestor. That ancestor started your line of mtDNA sequences thousands of years ago. Since mtDNA mutates slowly over thousands of years, you are usually told in a report that your mtDNA sequences arose anywhere depending on the sequences from 10,000 years ago to 20,000 years ago.
How to Interpret DNA Test Results--Female
Your DNA test result will give you a letter of the alphabet called your ‘haplogroup’ or ‘clan’ as Oxford Ancestors calls it. If you’re of European, Middle Eastern, (or from some parts of India) your deep maternal ancestry letters will be H, I, J, K, N, R, T, U, V, W, or X. Most European lineages of women have these letters. It only means your prehistoric female ancestors most likely came from Europe, Central Asia, or the Middle East.
If your letters are A, B, C, D or X, most likely you could be Native American or Asian. The letter ‘L” is African, as in L1, L2, L3. The letter L3 is the same group that left Eastern and/or Southern Africa to populate the rest of the world thousands of years ago. And the letters M, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, O, P, Q and Z most likely are East Asian. P and Q mtDNA is found in Oceana, the Pacific Islands and Papua-New Guinea. N mtDNA types also are found in Australia, but N is found in Europe and the Middle East.
M1 is found in Africa and M in India and Asia as well as in the Americas. Some Asian lines are shared with the Americas, but with different mutations or sequence variations. mtDNA letters A and C are shared with East Asian and Native American, and Z and Y are found in Russia and Scandinavia at a low rate, and also in Asia. These haplogroups are very ancient. Most mtDNA sequences can be traced back 20,000 or more than 50,000 years into prehistory. And those have common ancestors that go back in time even further. The letter X is found in Europe and among Native Americans, in Southern Siberia, around the Caucasus, in the Middle East, and in Central Asia.
If your mtDNA covers a wide area, it usually signifies that the DNA sequences are very ancient and had thousands of years to spread wide distances geographically. If your mtDNA sequences are found in a very narrow area, your mtDNA may have arisen relatively more recently. Your point of origin geographically is the place where your mtDNA is most diverse, not necessarily where it is found most frequently.
Where Can You Match Your mtDNA to a Country in an Online Database?
For women and men interested in matching their mtDNA sequences of HVS-1 or HVS-2 (high and low resolution) there are databases online such as Macaulay’s Tables database. These DNA databases online are matched with surname groups, lists, message boards, and other Web and online databases to help you match your sequences to a geographic location. I use Macaulay’s Tables at: http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/~vincent/founder2000/tableA.html.
Roots for Real, based in London at: <http://www.rootsforreal.com/english/eng-home.html> tests your low resolution mtDNA or Y chromosome and sends you a report and map showing the probable or possible geographic origin of your sequence by latitude and longitude, even naming the town that exists there today. The probable geographic center for the origin of my mtDNA sequences is located at 48.30N, 4.65E, Bar sur Aube, France with a deviation of 669.62 miles according to the map emailed to me by Roots for Real.
Which Company to Choose and Why?
I had my DNA tested at Family Tree DNA, Oxford Ancestors, and AncestryByDNA and geographical interpretations of the results done at Roots for Real. According to their Web site, Family Tree DNA coined the word anthrogenealogy “that combines the methods of the two sciences—anthropology and genealogy, “largely with individual or corporate sponsorship or carried out by avocational researchers.”
Family Tree DNA gives a lot of choices. They sent me my sequences of both the high resolution and low resolution mtDNA called the HVS-1 and HVS-2. I was then able to look up on the Web “Macaulay’s Tables,” a database of sequences for HVS-1 and HVS-2 and find out in which countries people of today live who have my exact mtDNA sequences. The countries are England, Austria, Spain, and Bulgaria.
I chose to have my mtDNA interpreted by four companies so I could compare what they offered with what my goal was, to link genealogy to DNA and find out my matrilineal ancestry back to 21,000 years ago if that was possible as far as geographic location in longitude and latitude.
What I liked about each company was that they all offered different material. AncestryByDNA offered my genotype sequences on a CD and a racial percentages test. Oxford Ancestors offered a chart and a prehistory of the DNA that showed me how I link to the world’s mtDNA clans. The company also showed me that 21,000 years ago my mtDNA lived in what was to become Spain and/or Southwest France.
The second company to test my mtDNA, AncestryBy DNA <http://www.ancestrybydna.com> in Sarasota, Florida, sent me a free book, titled, The Great Human Diaspora. It did help me understand how DNA is measured. For more information on the ancestry and migration of the male Y-chromosome, I found a newer book, The Journey of Man, by Spencer Wells, published in 2002.
Family Tree DNA tested my HVS-1 and HVS-2, my high and low resolution mtDNA. Roots for Real, London, sent me maps online that showed what latitude and longitude the probable origin of my exact mtDNA sequences appeared in the last 10,000 years and the town of probable origin that didn’t exist in the distant past, the city of Bar Sur Aube, France.
What Will You Pay for a DNA Test for Ancestry?
In August 2001, Oxford Ancestors, London, became the first company to test my mtDNA for around $180. They noted my mtDNA sequences also showed up in England. They also sent me a chart showing where the mtDNA originated and how my mtDNA links with other mtDNA all over the world. I also received printed material on human migrations. I paid a little over $200 at Family Tree DNA. My husband paid $99 for a surname group-rate 12-marker Y-chromosome test at Family Tree DNA.
At most companies DNA tests can run from about $100 to over $300 for ancestry. Prices seem to be coming down and more markers are being tested for Y-chromosomes. DNA tests for nutrition or medical reasons are more, and a few companies even test the entire genome for a high price, more than $1,000.
If you're interested in a career in genetics counseling and wish to pursue a graduate degree in genetics counseling, that's another career route. For information, contact The American Board of Genetic Counseling. Sometimes social workers with some coursework in biology take a graduate degree in genetic counseling since it combines counseling skills with training in genetics and in interpreting genetics tests for your clients.
The American Board of Genetic Counseling.
9650 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20814-3998
Phone: (301) 571-1825
FAX: (301) 571-1895
Below is a list of several DNA-testing companies. Some of these companies test DNA only for ancestry. Other companies listed below test genes for personalized medicine and nutrigenomics, and some companies test for nutrigenomics, pharmacogenetics, and ancestry.
You'll also find several companies listed that only test the DNA of animals. So you have a choice of testing DNA for a variety of purposes, for testing human DNA only, or for testing animal DNA. And the applications for testing genetic signatures are growing, since this science is still in its infancy in regard to applications of genetic and genomic testing.
Roots for Real
http://www.rootsforreal.com
address: PO Box 43708
London W14 8WG UK
Family Tree DNA - Genealogy by
Genetics, Ltd.
World Headquarters
1919 North Loop West, Suite 110 Houston, Texas 77008, USA
Phone: (713) 868-1438 | Fax: (713) 868-4584
info@FamilyTreeDNA.com
Oxford Ancestors
Oxford Ancestors, London,
http://www.oxfordancestors.com/
AncestrybyDNA, DNAPrint genomics, Inc.
900 Cocoanut Ave, Sarasota, FL 34236. USA
Tel: 941-366-3400 Fax: 941-952-9770 Web site: http://www.ancestrybydna.com/
GeneTree DNA Testing Center
2495 South West Temple
Salt Lake City, UT 84115
Toll Free: (888) 404-GENE
Phone: (801) 461-9757
Fax: (801) 461-9761,
http://www.genetree.com/
Trace Genetics LLC
P.O. Box 2010
Davis, California 95617
http://www.tracegenetics.com/aboutus.html
Predictive Genomics for Personalized Medicine including Nutrigenomics
AlphaGenics Inc.
9700 Great Seneca Highway
Rockville, Maryland 20850
Email:
info@alpha-genics.com
http://www.alpha-genics.com/index.php
Genovations TM
Great Smokies Diagnostic Laboratory/Genovations™
63 Zillicoa Street
Asheville, NC 28801 USA
Centre for Human Nutrigenomics
According to its Web site, "The Centre for Human NutriGenomics aims at establishing an international centre of expertise combining excellent pre-competitive research and high quality (post)graduate training on the interface of genomics, nutrition and human health."
Nutrigenomics Links: http://nutrigene.4t.com/nutrigen.htm
Veterinary DNA Testing
Veterinary Genetics Laboratory
University of California, Davis
One Shields Avenue
Davis, CA 95616-8744
Alpaca/Llama
Beefalo
Cat
Cattle
Dog
Elk
Goat
Horse
Sheep
DNA Testing of Dogs and Horses:
VetGen, 3728 Plaza Drive, Suite 1, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48108 USA
http://www.vetgen.com/
***
|
|
|
Before you select a company to test your DNA, find out how many genetic markers will be tested. For the maternal line, 400 base pairs of sequences are the minimum. For the paternal line (men only) 37 markers are great, but 25 markers also should be useful.
Some companies offer a 12-marker test for surname genealogy groups at a special price. When you order a home testing kit, you'll get mouthwash or a felt tip to rub inside your cheek and mail back.
Find out how long the turnaround time is for waiting to receive your results. What is the reputation of the company?
Do they have a contract with a university lab or a private lab? Who does the testing and who is the chief geneticist at their laboratory?
What research articles, if any, has that scientist written or what research studies on DNA have been performed by the person in charge of the DNA testing at the laboratory?
Who owns the DNA business that contracts with the lab? How involved in genealogy-related DNA projects and databases or services is the owner?
Link to my mtDNA page. DNA-driven genealogy geography.
So You Want to Be a Personal Historian?
List of other
books by author--bibliography link. Click on link.***
Check for current updates as The Dictionary of Genetics Terms of the Human Genome Project Information Web site is a special feature of the Human Genome Project Information Web site.
The site has many wonderful articles on genetics and pharmacogenomics as well as related topics in genomics and all types of informational articles and publications about the Human Genome Project. One the Human GenomeProject Web site, check for updates at: http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/publicat/primer2001/glossary.html
Also, I highly recommend the publication at: http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/publicat/primer2001/5.html titled: Genome Sequences Launch a New Level of Scientific Challenges. Check out all these wonderful government publications available for your education about genomics and the Human Genome Project. Isn't reading about DNA exhilarating?
***
Directory of DNA-Testing Companies
Family Tree DNA (click on link)
1.
Family Tree DNA - Genealogy by Genetics,
Ltd.
World Headquarters
1919 North Loop West,
Suite 110 Houston, Texas 77008, USA
Phone: (713) 868-1438
| Fax: (832) 201-7147
2. Trace Genetics LLC
PO Box 2010
Davis, CA 95617
3. Title: Paternity DNA Testing By paternitytesters.com.
Description:Paternitytesters.com- Paternity Testing Laboratory offering AABB DNA Paternity Testing, Cheap Prices & Free DNA Banking Worldwide. For Confidential Results in 5 days, call 866-273-8323.
_________________________________________________________
E-Letter from Bryan Sykes:
From: Bryan
Sykes
To:
Anne Hart
Sent: Wednesday,
December 01, 2004 4:28 PM
Subject:
Re: Thank you for starting us to search for English ancestors
Dear Anne
Well I
suppose that’s what academics are for. I’m so thrilled that my
research has led to something useful. It certainly didn’t seem so
at the time.
On a serious vein, what has happened
in ‘genetic genealogy’ is extremely unusual. Blue sky scientific
research has opened up a field which is now being championed by
yourself and others. The research that counts is now being done by
enthusiastic practitioners – mainly unpaid. It is the return of
the long forgotten 19th century paragon – the amateur scientist. I
feel a ponderous and pompous article coming on!
Best wishes – and a very happy
Christmas.
Bryan
DNA-Driven Genealogy: How to Find Information
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
My MtDNA
How is my MtDNA Distributed Geographically?
Here are my high and low resolution mtDNA test results. (mtDNA refers to prehistoric, ancient, and current female lineage markers found in my mitochondrial DNA today.)
Haplogroup H, Sub-Haplogroup H1b: Post Ice Age Origin: East Coast of Baltic Sea; Pan-European Distribution in Current Times, found from Iceland to Bashkortostan. During Ice Age: Expanded from Spain/France 21,000 years ago to E. Baltic Sea Coast by 10,000 years ago.
Here's how one genetics scientist and author, Dr. Richard Villems, answered my question about where my mtDNA possibly could have originated. Thank you, Dr. Villems for responding to my email query. Dr. Richard Villems MD, PhD, is Professor, IMCB; Director, EBC, Dept. of Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University. The Molecular Anthropology Group consists of researchers and students from the Estonian Biocentre and the Department of Evolutionary Biology, IMCB of Tartu University, Estonia.
Question: Would your database perhaps have the name of a country that has the most Hb1 sequences?
Scientist's Comment on My mtDNA Possible Origins
----- Original Message -----
From: "Richard Villems"
To: "Anne Hart"
Sent: Sunday, January 23, 2005 10:53 PM
Subject: Re: query about your mtDNA database
Dear AH:
By far the most comprehensive table for H1b frequencies you can find in Loogvali et al, Table S2 (electronic supplement). I add here PDF file of it. Indeed - the highest you can find in Latvia/Estonia/Lithuania region, but that should not be confused with the origin of any particular mtDNA that has such a sequence. It gives just a slight hint, somewhat higher probability. But it is also in Poland, Austria, Sweden, N. Ireland, Russia, the Ukraine - wherever.
The origin, in its strict sense, is not something that you can deduce from frequencies alone. An educated guess needs frequency plus diversity.
Furthermore - H1b seems to be rather old - before Holocene. And that means that it has hardly started here in the east Baltics - this part of Europe was under the ice at that time.
There is no powerful HVS 1+2 table covering Europe and these few
HVS 2 mutations you have there are not informative enough to help
to pinpoint its phylogeographic origin either. Perhaps a very
powerful complete
sequence d-base of H1b haplos would allow to go further in such
details - but nobody is doing that at present. By far too
expensive.
My mtDNA sequences: Haplogroup H1b.
|
HVR1 Haplogroup |
H |
|
HVR1 Mutations |
16189C |
|
|
16356C |
|
|
16362C |
|
|
16519C |
|
HVR2 Mutations |
263G |
|
|
309.1C |
|
|
315.1C |
|
|
522- |
|
|
523- |
Here is Where my mtDNA Appears Currently Geographically on Maps, according to a report sent to me from Roots for Real, London.
Individuals Co-ordinates Details
1 42.67N 23.30E Bulgarian
1 51.50N 0.17W White Caucasian, England & Wales
1 52.25N 21.00E Pole living in Germany
1 52.00N 7.50E Munster area, Germany
1 41.17N 8.63W Portugal north of Douro, 20
1 38.72N 9.13W central Portugal between Douro and Tejo, 21
1 47.27N 11.40E Innsbruck, Austria
1 53.15N 18.00E Bydgoszcz (Bromberg) region between Pomerania and Kujawy, Poland
1 53.15N 18.00E Bydgoszcz (Bromberg) region between Pomerania and Kujawy, Poland
1 53.15N 18.00E Bydgoszcz (Bromberg) region between Pomerania and Kujawy, Poland
1 47.98N 7.85E Freiburg, S Germany
1 57.90N 5.17W Scotland (NW coast) EMBL:AY024788
1 55.83N 3.07W mainland Scotland EMBL:AY025191
1 55.83N 3.07W mainland Scotland EMBL:AY024734
1 55.83N 3.07W mainland Scotland EMBL:AY024537
1 59.92N 10.75E Oslo, Norway EMBL:AY025926
1 59.92N 10.75E Oslo, Norway EMBL:AY025925
1 59.92N 10.75E Oslo, Norway EMBL:AY025924
1 51.50N 0.17W England EMBL:AY025564
1 64.15N 21.85W Iceland, accno AF236959
1 40.40N 3.68W Spain
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Why is my mtDNA so widespread?
The more ancient my mtDNA is, the farther it had the chance to expand from its original geographic location. After the Ice Age ended, my mtDNA had the chance to mutate in the past 10,000 years. It then expanded in a geographic area. This MtDNA currently is located mostly in Northern and Central Europe and Finland as well as the Baltic Sea areas, Norway and Scotland. It also is found in a wide range of European countries from Iceland to the Urals.
__________________________________________________________________
Directory of DNA-Testing Companies
Family Tree DNA (click on link)
1.
Family Tree DNA -
Genealogy by Genetics, Ltd.
World Headquarters
1919 North Loop West, Suite 110 Houston, Texas 77008, USA
Phone: (713) 868-1438 | Fax: (832) 201-7147
2. Trace Genetics LLC
PO Box 2010
Davis, CA 95617
3. Title: Paternity DNA Testing By paternitytesters.com.
Description: Paternitytesters.com- Paternity Testing Laboratory offering AABB DNA Paternity Testing, Cheap Prices & Free DNA Banking Worldwide. For Confidential Results in 5 days, call 866-273-8323.
If you want to get at the roots of your ancestry through studies in population genetics, read the article that will take you back before there were borders or organized religions titled, “Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool.” Martin Richards, Vincent Macaulay, et al. American Journal of Human Genetics, 67: 1251-1276, 2000. See where our mothers really came from. (The term “our mothers” refers to the human race.)
You’ll notice in the articles you read that the British often use the term “Near Eastern” and that the Americans use the term “Middle Eastern” for the same area. Make time capsules of your DNA information for future generations to look back at their ancestor’s medical histories and genetic data. Put in explanations of how to interpret your tests and printouts or reports.
Perhaps you want to find out the percentage of various races in your ancestry. How do know where to begin your journey into the past and future? What if you’re a foundling, an orphan, or have no knowledge of your own ethnicity? Can a DNA test at least tell you how many races are in your recent or ancient past? What facts do genetic markers really tell you about ancestry?
If you want to start your ancestry search with DNA testing, first you take the DNA tests along with tests of racial percentages if you desire. Even your DNA has a cultural component to its molecular biology. Then you interpret the results making the complex easy to understand for yourself or your clients. Your DNA testing service can help you find answers. So can many Web sites as well as this book and other books recommended here.
Next in your family history search, you collect letters, diaries, oral history transcriptions, home sources, artifacts, memorabilia, Census research, wills-and-probate records, medical histories, land records, slave ownership records, if it applies to your or your client. Pay particular attention to social histories to fill some gaps left by lack of women’s records.
Search through church, synagogue, mosque, pagoda, or temple records, vital records from the US government such as military records, social security information, and government pensions for retired government employees, employment and tax records, if any exist and are available. Check school records from elementary through college, if any, social histories, ethnic histories, and religious school records.
Go to the family history Web sites, the ships’ passenger lists. I highly recommend a book for searching women’s ancestry, titled, Discovering Your Female Ancestors, by Sharon DeBartolo Carmack, Betterway Books, Ohio 1998, ISBN # 1-55870-472-8. The book’s subtitle emphasizes “Special strategies for uncovering hard-to-find information about your female lineage.”
Marriage records often were in different languages representing the former country or languages of the ethnic group. You may need to translate a different alphabet to find a maiden name on a marriage certificate never registered, but obtained from clergy.
Then you review and analyze the records. Study the social history of the times and location of this individual. Add family history and migrations to social history, and you have the beginnings of an outline to write a biography of the ancestor as a family history.
Learn to interpret the results of your own DNA test and expand your historical research ability to trace your ancestry. “An interesting idea was expressed by a colleague from Canada, Dr. Charles Scriver,” explains geneticist, Dr. Batsheva Bonné-Temir. “At a meeting which I organized here in Israel on Genetic Diversity Among Jews in 1990, Dr. Scriver gave a paper on ‘What Are Genes Like that Doing in a Place Like This? Human History and Molecular Prosopography.’
“He claimed that a biological trait has two histories, a biological component and a cultural component.” Dr. Charles Scriver is founder of the DeBelle Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics in Canada. He also established screening programs in Montreal for thalassaemia and Tay Sachs Disease.”
According to Bonné-Tamir, at the 1990 meeting in Israel on Genetic Diversity Among Jews, Dr. Charles Scriver stated, “When the event clusters and an important cause of it is biological, the cultural history also is likely to be important because it may explain why the persons carrying the gene are in the particular place at the time.”
The term, “when the event clusters” refers to an event when genes cluster together in a DNA test because the genes are similar in origin, that is, they have a common ancestral origin in a particular area, a common ancestor.
“When I look at my own papers throughout the years,” says Bonné-Tamir. “I find that I have been quite a pioneer in realizing the significance of combining the history of individuals or of populations with their biological attributes. This is now a leading undertaking in many studies which use, for example, mutations to estimate time to the most recent ancestors and alike.”
What lines of inquiry are used in genetics? Dr. Charles R. Scriver wrote a chapter in Batsheva Bonné-Temir’s book, titled What are genes like that doing in a place like this? Human History and Molecular Prosopography. The book title is: Genetic Diversity Among Jews: Diseases and Markers at the DNA Level. Bonné-Tamir, B. and Adam, A. Oxford University Press. 1992.
With permission, an excerpt is reprinted below from page 319: “When a disease clusters in a particular community, two lines of inquiry follow:
1. Is the clustering caused by shared environmental exposure? Or is it explained by host susceptibility accountable to biological and/or cultural inheritance?
2. If the explanation is biological, how are the determinants inherited? These lines of inquiry imply that a disease has two different histories, one biological, the other cultural. One involves genes (heredity), pathways of development (ontogeny), and constitutional factors; the other, demography, migration and cultural practice.
Neither history is mutually exclusive. Such thinking shifts the focus of inquiry from sick populations and incidence of disease to sick individuals and the cause of their particular disease. The person with the disease becomes the object of concern which is not the same as the disease the person has.” (Page. 319).
Check out the chapter, “Genetics Study Identifies At-risk relatives” from Celebrating the Family published by Ancestry.com Publishing.
Check out the Web site at: http://shops.ancestry.com/product.asp?productid=2625&shopid=128.
Geneticists today are making inroads in new areas such as phenomics, nutritional genomics, and ancestral genetics. Batsheva Bonné-Tamir, PhD, http://www.tau.ac.il/medicine/USR/bonnétamirb.htm or http://www.tau.ac.il/medicine/ at Tel-Aviv University, Israel, is Head of the National Laboratory for the Genetics of Israeli Populations (with Mia Horowitz) and Director of the Shalom and Varda Yoran Institute for Genome Research Tel-Aviv. She is also on the faculty of the Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine.
Dr. Bonné-Tamir states that “One of my most impressive conclusions from the advancement in the last few years and the accumulation of knowledge in the fields of genetics and medicine, is the molecular revolution based on immense sophistication of lab techniques. This is really responsible for the recent increased emphasis on the human-social-anthropological aspects that affect biological diversity.”
Bonné-Tamir explains, “At a meeting in 1973, in my paper on Merits and Difficulties in Studies of Middle Eastern Isolates, I said that ‘The Middle Eastern isolates have emphasized again the fertile and necessary interrelationship between history and genetics.’”
Do historical events influence genes? “Comparative studies in population genetics are often undertaken in order to attempt reconstruction of historical and migratory movements based on gene frequencies,” says Bonné-Tamir. “The Samaritans and Karaites offer opportunities in the opposite direction, for example, to learn the influence of historical events on gene frequencies.”
Genomic views of any ethnic group’s history are important for further study. Whether you are taking the skeptic’s position or the genomic view of your cultural history, biology does have a cultural component that needs to be analyzed scientifically. Finding flaws or benefits in research studies of any kind is the way to find inroads to truths. How else can facts change and knowledge progress?
Molecular genealogy has joined efforts with molecular genetics. The Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation (SMGF) is a nonprofit organization that was founded to build a correlated genetic and genealogical database. How can this information help you in family history research? Ugo A. Perego, MS. Senior Project Administrator, Molecular Genealogy Research Project, Brigham Young University, http://molecular-genealogy.byu.edu , and now with the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation at: http://www.smgf.org/ says, “I believe that DNA is the next thing in genealogy—the tool for the 21st century family historians.
In the past 20 years, the genealogical world has been revolutionized by the introduction of the Internet.
“An increasing number of people are becoming interested in searching for their ancestors because through emails and websites a large world of family history information is now available to them. The greatest contribution of molecular methods to family history is the fact that in some instances family relationships and blocked genealogies can be extended even in the absence of written records.
“Adoptions, illegitimacies, names that have been changes, migrations, wars, fire, flood, etc. are all situations in which a record may become unavailable. However, no one can change our genetic composition, which we have received by those that came before us.
“Currently, DNA testing is an effective approach to help with strict paternal and maternal lines thanks to the analysis and comparison of the Y chromosome (male line) and mitochondrial DNA (female line) in individuals that have reason to believe the existence of a common paternal or maternal ancestor.
“A large database of genetic and genealogical data is currently been built by the BYU Center for Molecular Genealogy and the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation. This database will contain thousands of pedigree charts and DNA from people from all over the world. Currently it has already over 35,000 participants in it.
“The purpose of this database is to provide additional knowledge in reconstructing family lines other than the paternal and maternal, by using a large number of autosomal DNA (the DNA found in the non-sex chromosomes).
This research, known as the Molecular Genealogy Research Project is destined to take DNA for genealogists to the next level.” For additional reading, please visit the BYU’s Molecular Genealogy Research Project’s two Web sites. Another good source of information is at http://www.relativegenetics.com, a company specialized in Y chromosome analysis for family studies.
For further information about the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation, contact them at the following address:
Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation
2511 South West Temple
Salt Lake City, UT 84115
Phone: (801) 461-9780
After hours phone: (801) 244-2542
Fax: (801) 461-9761
Email:
info@smgf.org
How do you interpret family history as creative writing, and how to you interpret ancestry-related DNA tests? Thank you for the privilege of presenting this.
Beginners who want to learn how to interpret DNA test results for family history should find this guidebook to DNA-driven genealogy an open door.
Book Description
How many DNA testing companies will show you how to interpret DNA test results for family history or direct you to instructional materials after you have had your DNA tested? Choose a company based on previous customer satisfaction, number of markers tested, and whether the company gives you choices of how many markers you want, various ethnic and geographic databases, and surname projects based on DNA-driven genealogy.
Before you select a company to test your DNA, find out how many genetic markers will be tested. For the maternal line, 400 base pairs of sequences are the minimum. For the paternal line (men only) 37 markers are great, but 25 markers also should be useful.
Some companies offer a 12-marker test for surname genealogy groups at a special price. When you order a home testing kit, you'll get mouthwash or a felt tip to rub inside your cheek and mail back.
Find out how long the turnaround time is for waiting to receive your results. What is the reputation of the company?
Do they have a contract with a university lab or a private lab? Who does the testing and who is the chief geneticist at their laboratory?
What research articles, if any, has that scientist written or what research studies on DNA have been performed by the person in charge of the DNA testing at the laboratory?
Who owns the DNA business that contracts with the lab? How involved in genealogy-related DNA projects and databases or services is the owner?
Enjoy!
Search Engine Optimization and SEO
Tools
|
|
|
  |
|